Development and evaluation of a low-cost facial model for training in sutures, incisions, and biopsies 2 of 9
In this regard, the Maxillofacial Surgeon plays an important role in caring for this
type of patient, with functions including controlling nasal bleeding through tamponade,
managing intrabuccal hemorrhage through cleaning, debridement of wounds, vessel liga-
tion, as well as sutures intra and extraorally, reduction and stabilization of mandibular
fractures, among others [4]. It is fundamentally important that the specialist knows how
to identify and treat soft tissue injuries, restoring function and aesthetic damage, espe-
cially those dedicated to the care of emergencies and traumas of the face. Firstly, it is
necessary for the surgeon to perform appropriate exploration and cleaning of the wound.
Additionally, good surgical technique is crucial to minimize potential infections [5].
The most common methods for closing wounds include suturing, application of ad-
hesives, and stapling. Whenever possible, layered closure is necessary to eliminate dead
space under the wound. However, facial injuries vary according to clinical characteristics
and complexity, requiring an individual approach for each case [4]. The type of injury
that most often requires closure by sutures is lacerations, which correspond to penetrating
damage to the epithelial structure, thus having various extensions and depths. Therefore,
cleaning the area is essential, as well as it being prudent that the lacerated part is reposi-
tioned to its original condition through internal and external sutures, with their respec-
tive techniques, in the minimum possible number to favor healing. If the edges are bev-
eled and uneven, they should be excised cautiously to provide perpendicular edges and
avoid undesired healing [4].
Sutures or synthesis are procedures of extreme relevance in the day-to-day of those
who perform surgeries, whether they are doctors or dental surgeons. However, most stu-
dents do not develop such complex and satisfactory surgical skills during their academic
training, particularly regarding the maxillofacial complex, often limiting oral surgeries,
resulting in a great and valid demand for specialization courses, improvements, and ex-
tracurricular activities that use training models useful for this development, as these prac-
tical activities with patients infringe ethical, moral, and social aspects [6]. Performing
sutures is a form of manual activity that requires training so that this competence reaches
satisfactory levels; it is a stage that encompasses all maneuvers performed to reposition
the tissues that were displaced, restoring the anatomy and function of the tissue [7, 8, 9].
The courses of improvement in Oral Surgery, in recent times, demonstrate constant
growth, with an almost immediate demand by recent graduates, as well as more experi-
enced professionals, aiming to reinforce basic principles and clarify clinical life issues
daily, instructing them through theoretical, laboratory, and practical activities, which ex-
pand the teaching/learning process. This improvement leads the professional fundamen-
tally based on scientific and practical aspects, enhancing the services provided from the
principles of patient care, evaluation, and physical examination in a cohesive manner,
requesting and interpreting radiographic examinations, diagnosis, and planning of surgi-
cal acts, among others [10].
Surgical simulation has been valued in academic environments and in theoretical-
practical courses in the education of health professionals. This practice serves to plan and
simulate a surgery, in order to obtain basic surgical skills, allowing students and profes-
sionals, through repetitive work, to improve their situational analytical capabilities and
reduce operative time, which is very valuable in clinical and hospital environments, with-
out compromising the patient [7, 10-12]. Some forms and materials for suture training
have been used and tested for decades, yet financial difficulty presents an obstacle to their
use in the university environment, which hampers this change in teaching and learning
in practice for undergraduates [1]. Moreover, low-cost models available on the market,
such as sponge simulators and molding materials, despite having the similitude of human
tissue, do not simulate clinical conditions [1, 2].
The present work aims to evaluate the development of an alternative educational
method, simple and low-cost, such as the silicone facial model, for the training of sutures,
incisions, and biopsies, conducted by faculty of the Dentistry course at the University of
Fortaleza (UNIFOR), between the months of April to May 2023, with the following spe-
cialties: Oral Surgery, Periodontics, Implantology, and Stomatology.